Which statement is true about "affirmative defenses"?

Affirmative defenses are legal arguments that, if proven, can reduce or eliminate liability for a defendant, particularly in civil cases, though they can also apply in criminal cases. When a party raises an affirmative defense, they acknowledge the factual basis for the opposing party's claims but assert that there are valid reasons that should absolve them from liability or punishment.

In the context of the multiple-choice question, the focus is on the nature of affirmative defenses and how they operate in legal proceedings. Option D accurately reflects this concept, as successfully proving an affirmative defense can mitigate liability by providing a justifiable reason for the defendant's actions, thereby affecting the outcome of the case favorably for them.

For example, in a civil case of negligence, if a defendant can prove a significant, mitigating factor—such as the plaintiff's own negligence—they might reduce their level of liability or avoid it altogether. Similarly, in criminal law, while a successful affirmative defense may not always result in complete acquittal, it can lead to lesser charges being applied or influence sentencing.

Other statements do not accurately capture the scope and application of affirmative defenses. They can apply in both civil and criminal contexts (not limited to civil cases), and they do not simply negate charges without